Adverb - Bildung, Bedeutung, Ausnahmen
Erklärung des Adverb
Das Adverb (Umstandswort) dient in der Englischen Grammatik der näheren Beschreibung eines Verbs, eines Adjektivs oder eines anderen Adverbs. Manchmal bezieht sich das Adverb auf einen ganzen Satz.
Ein Adverb gibt an:
| wie etwas geschieht | Art und Weise; adverbs of manner |
|---|---|
| wo und/oder wann etwas geschieht | Ort und Zeit; adverbs of place and time |
| wie oft etwas geschieht | Häufigkeit; adverbs of frequency |
| ob etwas stärker oder schwächer geschieht | Grad, Ausmaß; adverbs of degree |
| wie ein ganzer Satz gemeint ist | Satzadverb; sentence adverbials |
Weitere Erklärung und Beispiele des Adverbs:
| manner | slowly, awfully, fantastically, nicely, easily ... The ship moved slowly into the habour. | how? |
|---|---|---|
| place and time | here, there, everywhere ...; today, yesterday ... I met Christine here yesterday. | where? when? |
| frequency | always, often, frequently, hardly (ever), never, usually, sometimes, occasionally ... Maria always does her homework. | how often? |
| degree | fairly, rather, very, really, quite (ziemlich, eher, sehr, wirklich, recht) Anna plays the guitare rather well. | how (well)? |
| sentence | actually, fortunately, luckily, frankly, unfortunately (eigentlich, glücklicherweise, ehrlich, leider) Unfortunately, I fell and broke my arm. |
Bildung des Adverbs of manner
Die adverbs of manner werden in den meisten Fällen nach dem folgenden Muster gebildet:
adjective + ly
Achtung Rechtschreibung:
| „Normalfälle" | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| adjective | adverb | adjective | adverb |
| slow | slowly | basic | basically |
| awful | awfully | fantastic | fantastically |
| Ausnahme! | |||
| public | publicly | ||
| „Sonderfälle" | |||
| lucky | luckily | terrible | terribly |
| heavy | heavily | simple | simply |
| Ausnahmen! | |
|---|---|
| shy | shyly |
| dry | dryly |
Verschiedene Bedeutung von Adjektiv und Adverb
Einige Adverben sehen so aus, als wären sie „ganz normal" durch das Anhängen von -ly aus einem Adjektiv entstanden. Das ist jedoch nicht richtig! In einigen Fällen haben Adverb und Adjektiv verschiedene Bedeutung.
| adjectives | adverbs | examples | ||
| deep | tief | deeply | zutiefst | You were in deep thoughts. We were deeply disappointed. |
| direct | direkt | directly | gleich, sofort | I want a direct answer! Send him to me directly, please! |
| free | frei, gratis | freely | freimütig, ohne Scheu | Free words in a free press! They walked around freely. |
| hard | hart, schwer | hardly | kaum | I worked hard all day. I hardly worked all day. |
| high | hoch | highly | höchst, sehr | It was high time to leave. TNT is highly explosive. |
| late | spät | lately | vor kurzem, unlängst | The bus leaves late at night. Have you seen Joe lately? |
| most | am meisten | mostly | hauptsächlich | What I hate most is milk! They played mostly Hip Hop. |
| near | nahe | nearly | beinahe, fast | Dad parked near the church. He nearly forgot to come. |
Adverb Ausnahmen
Einige Adverbien werden nicht durch das Anhängen von "-ly" gebildet. Entweder sie gleichen den Adjektiven oder sie sind „Sonderformen" des Adverbs.
| adject. | adverb | Bedeutung | examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| good | well | gut | This is a very good text. You've done it very well. |
| fast | fast | schnell, rasch | My dad always has fast cars. He likes to drive fast. |
| hard | hard | hart, schwer | This was a hard day for me. I had to work hard all day. |
| high | high | hoch | George loves high mountains. He has a house high on the mountain. |
| early | early | früh, zeitig | My mum is an "early riser". She gets up very early in the morning. |
| late | late | spät | Nick usually takes the late bus home. But he is never late for school. |
Manche Adjektive auf -ly bilden keine Adverbien. Man verwendet in diesen Fällen die Wendung "in a (adjective) way".
Zu dieser Gruppen zählen zB friendly, lonely, lovely und silly.
- Maggie is a friendly girl. She always smiles and laughs in a friendly way.
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